std::ECMAScript syntax

ECMAScript regular expressions pattern syntax

The following syntax is used to construct regex objects (or assign) that have selectedECMAScriptas its grammar.

A regular expression pattern is formed by a sequence of characters.
Regular expression operations look sequentially for matches between the characters of the pattern and the characters in the target sequence: In principle, each character in the pattern is matched against the corresponding character in the target sequence, one by one. But the regex syntax allows for special characters and expressions in the pattern

Special pattern characters

Special pattern characters are characters (or sequences of characters) that have a special meaning when they appear in a regular expression pattern, either to represent a character that is difficult to express in a string, or to represent a category of characters. Each of these special pattern characters is matched in the target sequence against a single character (unless a quantifier specifies otherwise).

字符	描述	matches
`.`	not newline	any character except line terminators (LF, CR, LS, PS).
`\t`	tab (HT)	a horizontal tab character (same as`\u0009`).
`\n`	newline (LF)	a newline (line feed) character (same as`\u000A`).
`\v`	vertical tab (VT)	a vertical tab character (same as`\u000B`).
`\f`	form feed (FF)	a form feed character (same as`\u000C`).
`\r`	carriage return (CR)	a carriage return character (same as`\u000D`).
`\c`letter	control code	a control code character whose code unit value is the same as the remainder of dividing the code unit value of letter by 32. 例如：`\ca`与...相同`\u0001`, `\cb`the same as`\u0002`, and so on...
`\x`hh	ASCII character	a character whose code unit value has an hex value equivalent to the two hex digits hh. 例如：`\x4c`与...相同`L`类型，或`\x23`the same as`#`.
`\u`hhhh	unicode character	a character whose code unit value has an hex value equivalent to the four hex digits hhhh.
`\0`	null	a null character (same as`\u0000`).
`\`int	backreference	the result of the submatch whose opening parenthesis is the int-th (int shall begin by a digit other than`0`). See groups below for more info.
`\d`	digit	a decimal digit character (same as`[[:digit:]]`).
`\D`	not digit	any character that is not a decimal digit character (same as`[^[:digit:]]`).
`\s`	whitespace	a whitespace character (same as`[[:space:]]`).
`\S`	not whitespace	any character that is not a whitespace character (same as`[^[:space:]]`).
`\w`	word	an alphanumeric or underscore character (same as`[_[:alnum:]]`).
`\W`	not word	any character that is not an alphanumeric or underscore character (same as`[^_[:alnum:]]`).
`\`character	character	the character character as it is, without interpreting its special meaning within a regex expression. Any character can be escaped except those which form any of the special character sequences above. Needed for`^ $ \ . * + ? ( ) [ ] { } \|`
`[`类`]`	character class	the target character is part of the class (see character classes below)
`[^`类`]`	negated character class	the target character is not part of the class (see character classes below)

Notice that, in C++, character and string literals also escape characters using the backslash character (\), and this affects the syntax for constructing regular expressions from such types. For example

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2

std::regex e1 ("\\d");  // regular expression: \d -> matches a digit character
std::regex e2 ("\\\\"); // regular expression: \\ -> matches a single backslash (\) character

Quantifiers

Quantifiers follow a character or a special pattern character. They can modify the amount of times that character is repeated in the match

字符	times	effects
`*`	0 or more	The preceding atom is matched 0 or more times.
`+`	1 or more	The preceding atom is matched 1 or more times.
`?`	0 or 1	The preceding atom is optional (matched either 0 times or once).
`{`int`}`	int	The preceding atom is matched exactly int times.
`{`int`,}`	int or more	The preceding atom is matched int or more times.
`{`min`,`max`}`	between min and max	The preceding atom is matched at least min times, but not more than max.

By default, all these quantifiers are greedy (i.e., they take as many characters that meet the condition as possible). This behavior can be overridden to ungreedy (i.e., take as few characters that meet the condition as possible) by adding a question mark (?) after the quantifier.
例如：
Matching"(a+).*"against"aardvark"succeeds and yieldsaaas the first submatch.
While matching"(a+?).*"against"aardvark"also succeeds, but yieldsaas the first submatch.

Groups

Groups allow to apply quantifiers to a sequence of characters (instead of a single character). There are two kinds of groups

字符	描述	effects
`(`subpattern`)`	Group	Creates a backreference.
`(?:`subpattern`)`	Passive group	Does not create a backreference.

When a group creates a backreference, the characters that represent the subpattern in the target sequence are stored as a submatch. Each submatch is numbered after the order of appearance of their opening parenthesis (the first submatch is number 1, the second is number 2, and so on...).

These submatches can be used in the regular expression itself to specify that the entire subpattern should appear again somewhere else (see\int in the special characters list). They can also be used in the replacement string or retrieved in the match_results object filled by some regex operations.

Assertions

Assertions are conditions that do not consume characters in the target sequence: they do not describe a character, but a condition that must be fulfilled before or after a character.

字符	描述	condition for match
`^`	Beginning of line	Either it is the beginning of the target sequence, or follows a line terminator.
`$`	End of line	Either it is the end of the target sequence, or precedes a line terminator.
`\b`	Word boundary	The previous character is a word character and the next is a non-word character (or vice-versa). Note: The beginning and the end of the target sequence are considered here as non-word characters.
`\B`	Not a word boundary	The previous and next characters are both word characters or both are non-word characters. Note: The beginning and the end of the target sequence are considered here as non-word characters.
`(?=`subpattern`)`	Positive lookahead	The characters following the assertion must match subpattern, but no characters are consumed.
`(?!`subpattern`)`	Negative lookahead	The characters following the assertion must not match subpattern, but no characters are consumed.

Alternatives

A pattern can include different alternatives

character	描述	effects
`\|`	Separator	Separates two alternative patterns or subpatterns.

A regular expression can contain multiple alternative patterns simply by separating them with the separator operator (|): The regular expression will match if any of the alternatives match, and as soon as one does.

Subpatterns (in groups or assertions) can also use the separator operator to separate different alternatives.

Character classes

A character class defines a category of characters. It is introduced by enclosing its descriptors in square brackets ([和]).
The regex object attempts to match the entire character class against a single character in the target sequence (unless a quantifier specifies otherwise).
The character class can contain any combination of

Individual characters: Any character specified is considered part of the class (except the characters\, [, ]和-when they have a special meaning as described in the following paragraphs).
例如：
[abc]matchesa, 和 borc.
[^xyz]matches any character exceptx, y和z.
Ranges: They can be specified by using the hyphen character (-) between two valid characters.
例如：
[a-z]matches any lowercase letter (a, 和 b, c, ... untilz).
[abc1-5]matches eithera, 和 borc, or a digit between1和5.

POSIX-like classes: A whole set of predefined classes can be added to a custom character class. There are three kinds

类	描述	说明
`[:`classname`:]`	character class	Uses the regex traits' isctype member with the appropriate type gotten from applying lookup_classname member on classname for the match.
`[.`classname`.]`	collating sequence	Uses the regex traits' lookup_collatename to interpret classname.
`[=`classname`=]`	character equivalents	Uses the regex traits' transform_primary of the result of regex_traits::lookup_collatename for classname to check for matches.

The choice of available classes depend on the regex traits type and on its selected locale. But at least the following character classes shall be recognized by any regex traits type and locale

类	描述	equivalent (with regex_traits, default locale)
`[:alnum:]`	alpha-numerical character	isalnum
`[:alpha:]`	字母字符	isalpha
`[:blank:]`	空白字符	isblank
`[:cntrl:]`	控制字符	iscntrl
`[:digit:]`	十进制数字字符	isdigit
`[:graph:]`	具有图形表示的字符	isgraph
`[:lower:]`	小写字母	islower
`[:print:]`	可打印字符	isprint
`[:punct:]`	punctuation mark character	ispunct
`[:space:]`	whitespace character	isspace
`[:upper:]`	大写字母	isupper
`[:xdigit:]`	十六进制数字字符	isxdigit
`[:d:]`	十进制数字字符	isdigit
`[:w:]`	word character	isalnum
`[:s:]`	whitespace character	isspace

Please note that the brackets in the class names are additional to those opening and closing the class definition.
例如：
[[:alpha:]]is a character class that matches any alphabetic character.
[abc[:digit:]]is a character class that matchesa, 和 b, c, or a digit.
[^[:space:]]is a character class that matches any character except a whitespace.

Escape characters: All escape characters described above can also be used within a character class specification. The only change is with\b, that here is interpreted as a backspace character (\u0008) instead of a word boundary.
Notice that within a class definition, those characters that have a special meaning in the regular expression (such as*, ., $) don't have such a meaning and are interpreted as normal characters (so they do not need to be escaped). Instead, within a class definition, the hyphen (-) and the brackets ([和]) do have special meanings under some circumstances, in which case they should be placed within the class in other locations where they do not have such special meaning, or be escaped with a backslash (\).

Character classes support depend heavily on the regex traits used by the regex object: the regex object calls its traits's isctype member function with the appropriate arguments. For the standard regex_traits object using the default locale, see cctype for a classification of characters.

类 (基本)

类 (模板实例化)